What Is a Bboy free essay sample

David Le Date 3/20/13 Dr. Hasell ENGL 1301 – 38107 Word Count: 1,159 What is a Bboy? (final) Bboying is not just a movement. It is a passion, a language, a form of art and expression. The terms bboy (be-boy) and breaker come from the words beat boy and break boy. Bboy refers to someone who dances to the beat of the music and breaker refers to someone who dances to the break section of a song. The part of a song where there is no singing, just pure instrumental music. Essentially bboys and breakers are the same. Breaking is very different and unique when you compare it to other styles of dance. Ballet revolves around graceful movements while bboying can be whatever the dancer feels like doing during a song. All that matters is the beat of the music and the passion of the dancer. The most important thing about bboying is having the opportunity to express yourself, that brief moment when you can be true to yourself. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is a Bboy? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bboying is a unique form of art. You may have heard that painters need inspiration before they can create art. For a bboy, the music is the inspiration, from the instant you feel the beat moving through your body to the very end of each dance set. That small interval of time is when someone would paint the picture of what he or she is feeling through physical movements. Some might have the urge to do power moves. These moves involve require strength and complete control over the body, for example hopping while holding a one handed handstand. Other dancers might feel the music is moving them to express in slower more fluid motions by maybe gracefully sliding and spinning while on their knees. There are some basics moves for breakdancing but the best dancers are original and create their own personal signature moves or styles. Once a year the best bboy crews from all around the world will come to one spot and battle each other through dance in order to gain respect from other dancers all around the world. This event is called battle of the year. I think one of the biggest defining things about battle of the year is that the winning prize money is only three thousand dollars. After this is split between maybe 10 crew members the amount of time put in to win doesn’t pay off. But to these professional bboys the pride that comes with winning is all that is needed. When the dance battles take place each crew will take turns sending in one member to freestyle to the music. Each bboy is different, there cannot and never will be two people that dance with the exact same style. This is one of the amazing things of breaking. A friend of mine likes to dance with a wobbly drunkenness with each step in order to taunt his opponent while another friend is very serious in order to show that the opponent has no chance of winning the battle. I’ve seen one dancer end his freestyle set smoking an imaginary cigarette and throwing it onto his opponent to tell him he had just gotten â€Å"smoked†. Now, if this was any other hobby or sport, doing these sorts of things might get you beat up. However, this is one of the beauties of the bboy culture. Even after conveying such mean and hurtful actions every bboy understands that it is all part of the â€Å"act† and it is nothing personal. Over time clowning or making fun of your opponent has become a very essential part of dance battles. After each battle all competitors will always shake hands and hug, even if it is a total stranger. For most bboys, respect is given right from the second someone else decides to express themselves over the music in the spotlight. This is because most breakers know that it takes courage to would out in front of a crown and express yourself ignoring what people may think. The complex language of dance is solely unique and is what makes the bonds and friendships between breakers so powerful. Sweat, pain, and exhaustion are all things that intersect the path of bboying. To any true dancer, the drive to improve will always out way the pain and the downsides. Every crash is a lesson; the only way to improve as dancer is to learn from previous mistakes. Over the years technology has made this easier; many bboys can now simply record themselves in order to watch for errors or mistakes during their practice sessions. While this helps decrease the time it takes to learn things, true breaker will never stop and always strive to be a better dancer. Ultimately there is no finish line; the real goal is the friendships and memories that will be made through this journey. He or she will always be trying to beat that future opponent who may be good or bad. There are four main elements of bboying; power, footwork, top rock, and freezes. Power moves have the steepest learning curve of them all. The most basic power move is called the windmill and this on average takes at least 6 months to learn just one rotation. And when I say six months, I mean six months of practicing every day for one hour minimum. There are many bboys out there who love power moves for this very reason. They are so hard to master, and achieving them makes it worth that much more. The best bboys have a good balance between all four of these different styles. During this adventure of learning each style, good breakers dissect each move in attempt to make new and original things out of the old. It may be just one slight difference of being lower or higher with your legs or it could be a whole combo of fast stepping movements stringed together with original fluid transitions. This is the true beauty of bboying; one can do whatever one wants. There is no one in the world that can say you are doing your own style incorrectly. Creativity is a truly amazing thing. Because of the nature of the brain, there is an endless amount of combinations and movements that can be thought of or discovered. Dancing, to put it simply, is a vessel to express ideas and emotions. The only reason breaking is still thriving today is because there is always something new that can be created. Every generation will build off what their previous generation has made and make it their own. Over time the â€Å"foundation† moves have changed, and it will always continue to evolve as long as there is music and a will to express. Some might say that other things make up a true dancer, but out of all of them I would have to say the most vital things are to be original, be unique, be you; bboy.

Sandels Analysis of Utilitarianism and Libertarianism

Sandels Analysis of Utilitarianism and Libertarianism The United States is experiencing a social crisis. The problem is characterized by young students armed with handguns, corporate greed and families caving in because of financial difficulties. Sandel a legal expert asserted that the American public must reinterpret concepts of liberty, prosperity, equality, and human rights.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sandel’s Analysis of Utilitarianism and Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He said that it is not enough to simply develop a framework that will protect the welfare of the majority. There is a desperate need for people of diverse backgrounds to work together. Sandel said that American citizens must learn sacrifice in order to achieve true equality. Before going any further it must be understood that the present is a mere byproduct of the decisions and actions made in the past. The current state of the social and moral landscape of the United Sta tes of America can be understood through the study of American history. By doing so, one can understand the meaning and value of liberty, prosperity, equality, and human rights. It is also important to point out that the belief system used to interpret these concepts is the result of nation building. This is the process that came about after the dramatic transformation of the United States from a former colony to an independent nation. It is therefore important to point out the circumstances that led to the creation of the U.S. political system that incorporated the principles of utilitarianism and libertarianism. In other words, it is not enough to simply view these concepts as a means to develop a framework for creating laws and political decisions. These concepts must be understood in their proper context. Therefore, liberty must be understood in relation to experience of the Americans living in the colonies as they asserted their independence against the British Empire. Equality and human rights must be understood in the context of the national struggle to break free from tyranny. Prosperity must be understood in the pursuit of the American Dream. Utilitarianism It is now time to figure out the basis for the policies enacted to promote liberty, equality, human rights, and prosperity. There are two major frameworks used by lawmakers and political leaders.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first one is utilitarianism and the second one is libertarianism. John Stuart Mill’s interpretation of utilitarianism contributed greatly to the discussion on how to develop the correct framework for policymaking purposes. He pointed out, that there is a much better way to develop guidelines that can help society deal with social issues. John Stuart Mill said that â€Å"actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as t hey tend to produce the reverse of happiness† (Mill 1). This theory is generally known in legal circles as utilitarianism. In the utilitarian framework a correct decision can be achieved if the end goal is the creation of happiness. It must not be interpreted as a self-indulgent mindset even if it seeks to eliminate pain, discomfort, and other negative feelings. It must be understood from the point of view of John Stuart Mill. He clarified that there must be a standard and this standard: is not the agent’s own greatest happiness, but the greatest amount of happiness altogether; and if it may possibly be doubted whether a noble character is always the happier for its nobleness, there can be no doubt that it makes other people happier, and that the world in general is immensely a gainer by it. Utilitarianism, therefore, could only attain its end by the general cultivation of nobleness of character (Mill 7). Sandel understood the core principle of utilitarianism and made t he remarks: â€Å"One way of thinking about the right thing to do, perhaps the most natural and familiar way, is to ask what will produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people† (Sandel 9). But this legal expert was quick to make a counter-argument â€Å"that maximizing utility, or collective happiness, may come at the expense of individual rights† (Sandel 9). This assertion is a valid point especially if one considers the tendency of the majority to create laws that ignores the welfare of the minority. Libertarianism Utilitarianism provided a clear goal and that is the pursuit of happiness for the greatest number of people. However, one can find several weaknesses in this argument. It is therefore important to address a problematic issue of utilitarianism which is the creation of a standard that oversimplifies social issues. Thus, the concept of libertarianism was introduced as an alternative view. Libertarianism addresses the need to clarify the imp ortance of human rights. According to Sandel:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sandel’s Analysis of Utilitarianism and Libertarianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Libertarians are best known as advocates of free markets and critics of government regulation. Underlying their laissez-faire stance is the idea that each of us has a fundamental right to liberty – a right to do whatever we want wit the things we own, provided we do not violate other people’s rights to do the same (Sandel 49). The high value given to liberty explains the reason why a clarification was made regarding the source of these ideas. It must be pointed out that the libertarian’s point of view was heavily influenced by historical events. Libertarianism is the assurance that the tyranny of the elite can no longer be repeated in the future. But in the 21st century the fear of oppression from a monarchy is no longer a re levant issue. In fact, liberty is now seen as an indirect cause to some of the problems faced by many Americans today. This negative consequence is the result of the misuse of liberty, especially if viewed from the clause stating that every American citizen has the right to do whatever he wants to do. It is easy to abuse liberty, even if one adds limitations, such as the idea that everything is feasible as long as the person does not violate the rights of others. Citizenship, Sacrifice and Service Liberty is important especially when viewed in countries where a dictator rules. Liberty is precious especially after a recent declaration of independence. But liberty can be counter-productive if citizens of the State have become self-centered in their pursuit of happiness. The best example is the use of liberty to exploit legal loopholes. The damaging effect of liberty can be seen in the way it was used to bend rules in order to exploit people. Sandel argued that the citizens of this nat ion must have a strong sense of community. It must incorporate the highest ideals of utilitarianism and libertarianism. In other words this country must work towards policies that will benefit the greatest number of people without trampling individual rights. It is not as improbable as one would think but it would require a change in mindset concerning the importance of liberty, prosperity, equality and human rights. Sandel made an important observation when it comes to the pursuit of the good life. He was correct to assert that there is nothing wrong with the need to create a good life. But the disturbing development in 21st century America can be traced to the lack of a sense of community. Thus, individuals tend to work on their own without regard to others. The inability to form meaningful relationships with diverse groups of people intensified the development of elitist thinking. Furthermore, there is also the increasing addiction to the idea of privatization. The idea of privat e property is one of the most enduring and important legacies of the founding fathers. They strived hard to provide individual citizens the right to have their own property. Therefore, they can live like kings in their own domain. However, there are many instances when privatization can lead to selfish behavior.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is high time to understand that privatization has limits. A person must not build his own kingdom and create a barrier that separates him form the rest of the community. It will not take long before that person experiences the sting of isolation. This person may succeed in creating an oasis in a city torn by violence and poverty. But what will be the effect the moment he steps out of his cocoon? There are many incidents wherein rich people get killed from mugging and other violent acts. In other words, this person has to work really hard in order to create slice of heaven on Earth, in order to insulate himself from the outside world. The unintended consequence is the need for the ordinary person to work like a slave in order to achieve happiness. In the past children were happy with toys that they can make on their own. Today, a typical American child cannot be happy unless his parents bring him to a toy store selling expensive items. When he grows up and become a teenager, his a ppetite for expensive toys remains the same. He will then pressure his parents to buy video games and other items that can cost hundreds of dollars The desperate desire to acquire more wealth in order to buy things that they do not need has driven men and women to do things that they would regret later in life. In many cases business leaders are forced to bend the rules in order to increase the profit margins of their respective companies. The best examples were the erring companies that went bankrupt after the government indicted them because of irregularities. The story of Enron and WorldCom is a reminder that America requires a transformation from within (Fusaro Miller 10). Inequality and Solidarity Sandel also made an important contribution when he said that it is not only important to respect individual human rights and support the desire of people to pursue happiness. He said that it is also important to work together as one people. Sandel circles back to his original positio n that people need to have a sense of community. It is important ingredient in order to attain sustainable economic growth. Sandel also said that it is of critical importance to eradicate inequality. However, Sandel proposed that it is not enough to simply create laws that free them from bondage of slavery and segregation. It is not enough to uphold the law. People of all race, creed, and color must come together in solidarity. Sandel said that if society cannot solve the problem of inequality then the gap between rich and poor widens. Sandel made an effective argument regarding the evils of inequality. He said that if the gap widens between rich and poor, then, there is no hope to rehabilitate broken institutions like the public school system. It is interesting to note the rapid decline of what was once considered as a bastion of quality education was not caused by a weak economy but the result of neglect. It is the direct result when influential people stopped sending their childr en to private schools. At first glance the decision of the rich to send their children to private schools is a mere expression of their right to choose. They believe that sending their children to private schools ensures a bright future. Using principles gleaned from utilitarianism and libertarianism, this decision is perfectly within their rights. But upon closer examination, it will be revealed that the self-imposed isolation by the country’s elite resulted in the overall decline of social institutions. The explanation is so simple but requires the brilliance of Sandels mind to make it obvious to the general public. The failure to interact with other members of society on the basis of social status prevents influential people to see the problems that plague society. More importantly, the barrier that exists between social classes prevents the rich and powerful to help those who are in need because they are unaware of their plight. Conclusion Sandel made a convincing argumen t regarding the need to go beyond the principles of utilitarianism and libertarianism. He said that even if one combines the best ideas from both schools of thought, it is not enough to deal with the problems that have caused the deterioration of American society. Sandel’s proposal is so simple but it is highly unlikely that Americans will embrace it. Sandel said that people must have a sense of community. According to him, it is not enough to know liberty, prosperity, equality and human rights. Sandel said that people of diverse social backgrounds must come together. This proposition can be achieved if rich and poor continue to find ways to interact with each other. In this way the general public becomes aware of the problems that affect everyone and they can work together to find a solution to a particular need. Fusaro, Peter and Ross Miller. What Went Wrong at Enron: Everyone’s Guide to the  Largets Bankruptcy in U.S. History. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, 2002. Print. Mill, John Stuart. Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism, Mar. 2011. Web. https://www.utilitarianism.com/mill1.htm. Sandel, Michael. Justice: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.

Summarize a Financial management article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Summarize a Financial management - Article Example Moreover, these strategies are examined for ensuring compliance with the financial and regulatory requirements and policies of the banks. The article provides a background to the development of financial markets in the developing countries like Turkey and how the turmoil in these emerging financial markets can affect the global financial scenario. During crisis situation in the economy the role of banks is pivotal as they are considered to be the pillars of any financial system. Therefore, it is suggested in this article that banks need to adopt only those strategies that could lower their risks and improve the control over the financial position of banks in order to reduce the implications on both domestic and international financial setups. The role of asset liability management (ALM) in strategic planning of banks is highlighted in this article suggesting that the aim of such model in banks allows them to efficient manage their funds keeping their risk profiles to lowest levels and to maximize their earnings. The model is considered to be multidimensional which requires simultaneous interaction between different elements of operations in a bank, which requires high level of integration at various levels. Banks have now adopted sophisticated models of ALM; however, the outcome of ALM still depends upon the diverse management strategies followed by banks. The importance of ALM is viewed in this article from the perspective of Turkish banks that faced major financial crisis situation in the Turkish banking industry in late 2000 and early 2001. The reasons highlighted for these financial crises included poor overall macroeconomic conditions in the country and poor regulatory framework to control and manage the activity that was taking place in the Turkish banking sector. The article presents important relevant financial ratios of banks during pre- and during financial crisis periods, which

Why St Vincent Hospital in NEW YORK closed due to budgetting issues Essay - 1

Why St Vincent Hospital in NEW YORK closed due to budgetting issues - Essay Example In 2010, St Vincent Medical Center closed its doors. St. Vincents Hospital was a nonprofit charity-funded hospital in New York which provides, according to hospital mission, complete general acute health care services inclusive of medical, surgical, psychiatric inpatient, emergency care and other outpatient services. St Vincent’s represented an iconic place for being one of the third oldest hospitals in New York and for sharing so much historical events. It has treated victims of calamities: the cholera epidemic of 1849, the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, the 9/11 attack and, just few years , the Hudson River landing of US Airways Flight 1549. Creating a budget is often one of the most challenging tasks when creating a nonprofit organization. A budget is the expression, in financial terms, of the plan of operation designed to achieve the objectives of an organization. It lays out where the money is coming from and where it is intended to be expensed. There are many reasons why St Vincent’s Hospital should have had a stringent budget in place - including its obligation to spend conscientiously as it was somebody else’s money - and very few for it to have inefficiency in this practice. Why it chose the latter is anybody’s guess. Or maybe there is more to the story. St. Vincent’s has a long history of financial troubles dating back far before the problems of the last few months came to light. It filed for Chapter 11 in 2005 and emerged from bankruptcy in 2007. One would have thought the troubles were over: Far from it actually. By the time 2010 rolled in, it was $700 million in debt and losing $10 million a month. The lucrative location of the hospital – on the West Side of Manhattan on 59th Street – could not save it. After closings its doors in 2010, St Vincent is survived by 3,500 jobless employees and more than 200,000 New Yorkers who do not have

Beautyism in the Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Beautyism in the Workplace - Essay Example The phenomenon thrives on the assumption that the physical appeal of a candidate supersedes knowledge, value and anything personable. It has become a socially accepted behavior that now defines subsequent human resource department processes such as performance appraisal and promotions. Potential Discriminatory Effects of Beautyism on Hiring In WorkplaceBeautyism reduces the job opportunities for certain individuals in the workplace (Gilliland, Steiner & Skarlicki, 2007). The hiring standards are based on the physical attraction of a person other than the qualifications they have for the job. Consequently, the diversity of the workplace becomes upset because the hiring process is limits the pool of the prospective candidates who might have qualified for the job. Individuals who are physically attractive enjoy more job prospects because they are assumed to be intelligent and successful at the expense of the unattractive lot.   A person loses out on a job because he or she did not imp ress the hiring managers. The process becomes the highest order of injustice. Beautyism results to gender-based discrimination in the workplace. There are departments that prefer a particular gender to assume roles and responsibilities (York, Tyler, Tyler & Gugel, 2008). For example, public relations, marketing and reception departments base their prospective candidacy on physical attractive. The departments prefer female candidates over male because the female lot is presentable to the clientele than the male.

Health Essays Medical Errors Hospitals

Health Essays Medical Errors Hospitals Medical Errors Hospital Disclosure of Medical errors in every day clinical practice. Introduction Medical errors are very common in every day clinical practice. Even taking serious caution does not make the error free hospital any where in the world. According to British Medical Journal ( cited in Adams 2005), â€Å"about 850,000 medical errors occurs in National Health hospitals every year resulting in 40,000 deaths†¦. Adverse events occur in 10% of all hospital patients (p. 274). Today’s times 2004 ( cited in Adams 2005) claims a cost of 2 billion pounds per year due to medical errors. The data shows the magnitude and the significance of the problem. In fact medical errors are preventable in most of the cases. But the sad part of the story is these errors are not disclosed to the patients or the family. Disclosure of medical errors is a very big issue for the leadership and management of a hospital in terms of institutional ethics. This paper will discuss about medical errors, the issue of its disclosure , its outcomes, current trends regarding disclosure of errors , application of theories and implementation in our context. Medical Errors Albert , Cavanaugh, Mc Phee , Bernard , and Micco ( 1997) define medical error as â€Å"Commission or omission with potentially negative consequences for the patient that have been judged wrong by knowledgeable peers at the time it occurred , independent of whether there were any negative consequences† (p.770). In this regard understanding of the error and realization that it is an error is very important. The issue is if it is internalized that error has occurred, then should it be disclosed or not. Non disclosure of medical errors There is a very strong culture of a number of hospitals world wide and the hospital where I belong to that health care professionals hide and do not disclose medical errors to the patients or their families. Errors come on the picture if by any means the patient or their family comes to know about the error. Kaldijan ,Rosenthal, Reimer, and Hillis (2005) did literature review of 316 articles on medical errors and came up with four categories which include attitudinal barriers, helplessness from the institution, uncertainties about how to disclose and its outcomes, and fears and anxieties. In addition to it, risk of ruining person’s as well as the hospital’s reputation, legality issues, low self esteem in the profession, mistrust of the patient and the family, and hindrance in professional progress are also some of the very important barriers to disclosure. (Boyle, Connell, Platt, Albert 2006, Fischer et al 2006, Albert et al 1997). Besides organization’s culture, policy and the colleagues’ attitude also impacts error disclosure. Non disclosure of errors can have some beneficial effects for the patients as well as for the physician. Patients do not become emotionally upset on hearing the news of occurrence of unexpected event during the hospitalization. Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert (2006) have cited that American college of physicians has given the liberty of not disclosing the error if the disclosure can cause more harm than benefit as in the case of psychiatric or depressed patients. But the worse part of it is this concept of deception for the benefit of patient is misused in the name of the health care personnel own interests. Similarly risk benefit ratio of disclosure should be calculated or in ethical terms beneficence versus non maleficence should be judged. Furthermore health care personnel do not have to fear for legal issues and the reputation. However they suffer emotional distress if they do not disclose. Disclosure of Medical Errors Medical errors should be disclosed as an ethical and moral responsibility of the health care personnel and the institution as whole. JCIA and JCAHO has made it a standard in 2001 that disclosure of errors should be implemented in hospitals. (Connell, White, Platt 2003, Henry 2005, Gallagher, Studdert, Levinson 2007). In addition The code of ethics of American Medical Association, The American College of Physicians and the National Safety Foundation have also emphasized on disclosure of errors.( Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ). The standardization of disclosure by so many international organizations particularly JCIA and JCAHO gives the message that the culture and the approach towards the issue of disclosure is changing. These bodies are international standardized bodies and the change in the approach must be evidenced based. If disclosure was not that important it would not have been the part of these quality improving bodies. Literature supports disclosure of errors. According to Connell, White, Platt (2003) , response of participants who attended the workshop about disclosure of medical errors was 90% affirmative . In a study done by Hobgood, Peck, Gilbert, Chappell ( 2002) on patients and their familys’ perspective of error disclosure gave interesting results. 258 surveys were filled in an emergency department and it revealed that 76% of patients wanted disclosure in case of any error, and 88% felt to its full extent. This clearly indicates the significance of disclosure as an issue and patients need regarding the issue. Disclosure of medical errors has many benefits. Initially the reaction of patients may be negative as error could never be expected from patients’ side. But later they get settled .Studies show positive outcomes from patient as well as the health care personnels’ angle because of disclosure. Error disclosure helps patients to get any compensation in the form of additional treatment or financial help. Most of health care personnel believe that disclosure can ruin their relationship with patients and can bring law suit as well as their image down among their collegues. However according to Witman ( cited in Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ) patients felt to claim law suit if they were not disclosed about errors. In addition University of Michigan Health System reported that â€Å" the cost and frequency of litigation decreased substantially in 5 years after implementation of an open disclosure programme , with annual litigation †¦reduced from $3 million to $1 million and †¦ claims by more than 50%† ( Gallagher, Studdert, Levinson 2007 p. 2716). Error disclosure also brings a positive impact on learning for the person who did the error as well as for others in the organization. Hence mistakes done once may not be repeated next time , system improvement and therefore improvement in the quality of patient care. ( Albert 1997, Mazor 2005, Boyle, Connell, Platt, and Albert 2006 ). Moreover patient physician relationships do remain intact in most of the cases. Trends in application of disclosing errors and comparison in our context Disclosure of medical errors is gaining its significance in so many health care organizations because of the outcomes of it as well as the realization of doing disclosure. Gallaher, Studdert, and Levinson ( 2007), have stated that 2002 survey of institutional risk mangers showed that 36% of the institutions have adopted disclosure policy and the percentage increased to 69% in 2005. They further quoted that Austarlia and United Kingdom in 2003, National Quality Forum safe practices and Harvard in 2006 emphasized and provided guidelines for full disclosure of medical errors to patients. The trend shows that awareness for disclosing medical errors is gaining its popularity. If we compare the scenario in Pakistan, we have a culture of not disclosing errors in most of the hospitals. In addition to the reasons discussed in the literature regarding non disclosure of medical errors, most of the times it is taken as for granted by the health care professionals that the patients belong to low socio economic status, less educated, low level of understanding and therefore errors need not be disclosed. It has been observed in clinical practices that errors are considered most of the time as side effects and untoward result because of certain treatment and there is no internalization that it is an error. In addition there is also a misconception that since the error did not bring any harm to patient so need not to be reported to the hospital management team and therefore no disclosure to the patient. It is interesting to know that most of the hospitals in Pakistan do not have any policy for disclosing error. However in Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) the polic y for disclosure of errors exists and it is mentioned in the sentinel events policy that there should be disclosure of medical errors and it is mentioned in the patients’ bill of rights that patients have right to have all information .( Multi disciplinary policies and procedures sentinel events policy no: MDP-S-002). But the sad part of the story is there is no proper implementation of the policy as well as proper explanation of patients’ rights to them. In fact there is no such culture for the individual to share errors to their supervisors as an ethical and moral responsibility until the error is identified by someone else. Reviewing the issue in the light of Theories To support that medical errors should be disclosed, we will be utilizing the following theories of ethics as well as leadership and management. Kant’s Theory of Deontology Immanuel Kant a German philosopher has given the theory of deontology or duty based theory. According to Kant (cited in Bernstein and Brown 2004), act should be done on the basis of the duty or obligation regardless of the consequences. He also believed that the intention behind the act justifies the action done. If we try to understand the disclosure of medical errors from Kant’s perspective, disclosure should be done as it is the duty of the health care personnel. It is the right of the patient and duty of the personnel to share all information including the errors if occurred. Kant believes in telling the truth which is the duty in all conditions and deception is un tolerable. The debate that if truth telling causes harm should be told to patients or not , goes against Kant’s philosophy. If health care professional feels that deception of the truth will give more benefit than there should be a very strong rationale for it and should not be taken as for convenience. K ant (cited in Bernstein and Brown 2004) has discussed about one’s conscience which play a major role in making right decisions according to his duty and states, â€Å"consciousness is an internal court †¦before which a human being’s accuse or excuse one another†¦an internal judge, and this authority watching over the law in him is something that he himself makes, but †¦incorporated in his being† (p.172). Heifetz’s perspective on Ethical leadership Heifetz ( cited in Northouse 2007) explains that leaders help followers to help resolve conflicts by using their authority. He further explains that â€Å"Heifetz’s perspective is related to values of workers, organizations and communities in which they work† (p. 347). In the light of this perspective, leaders need to have a clear idea of what is the value of the organization which in all circumstances is the best quality care given to its customers and taking care of their wishes and doing what is right. Leaders need to persuade people to do the right thing and therefore the culture of disclosure of medical errors should be inculcated by the leaders. Burn’s perspective on Ethical leadership Burns gave the theory of transformational leadership in 1978. According to Burns (cited in Northouse 2007), leaders have an important role in motivating people to identify their values and to help them reach to a level where the principles of â€Å"justice, liberty and equality† should be incorporated in practice. This clearly indicates the moral aspect of leadership which leads that disclosure of errors should be done as moral obligation of the organization. Significance of medical error disclosure from leadership and management perspective The issue of medical errors disclosure is very important from leadership and management point of view because this issue is not confined to a particular institution but it is a global issue. As discussed above that leaders have a very important role in pursuing and motivating people to follow morality in practice. Ethics has a very important place in leadership and organization. Leaders give direction to the followers or subordinates. They have a very strong impact on their followers. Therefore if leaders will have strong value on creating an environment and culture whereby every individual gets rights and do their duties, then this gives rise to an organization following ethical principles. This is only possible if and only if the leader values that act. In the issue of medical errors disclosure, leaders should play their role to first get the issue internalized and get it inculcated in the organization’s culture. Implementation of disclosure of errors in our context In order to address the issue in our Pakistani and in particular AKUH the most important aspect is first internalizing that the error occurred and not getting defensive. Internalization can be done by leading seminars, discussions, conferences and bioethical grand rounds where issues of error disclosure can be discussed and health care professionals can clarify their misconception about errors. They should have a very clear understanding of what are medical errors. Once the understanding of error is there, the next step is reporting of errors in the organization through the in built system of error reporting. Unfortunately AKUH Karachi does not have a very good system of error reporting. Errors are reported when someone identifies it but the person involved rarely reports the error. On conversation with clinical affairs person of AKUH , centralization of errors reporting is under process. At present if errors are reported it is not centralized to one place. Centralization will assist in getting the picture of medical errors occurring in the hospital as a whole. There should be reinforcement at the academia level of medical and nursing education about errors and its disclosure .Adams ( 2005) has given a very practical approach towards identifying our own errors. He has shared his example how he started writing all the errors which he identified during his practice and it was interesting to see that the identified errors were between one to six per week for 29 weeks . This data was for those errors which he identified himself and may not have captured all the errors done. This practice will help us identify and internalize that how many errors are made by health care professionals. Besides , voluntary electronic reporting of medical errors can also be implemented . The results of one study where 92,547 reports from 26 hospitals were evaluated showed that 47% of the registered nurses did voluntary reporting of errors compared to intern doctors which was 1.4%.( Milch, et al 2006). Jones, Cochrane, Hicks and Mueller ( 2004) asserts that success of voluntary error reporting depends upon the organizational culture where confidentiality is maintained and a â€Å"non punitive culture† exists which promotes error reporting. Once the error is reported, the question comes for the disclosure of error. Henry (2005) asserts that there should be clear policy for disclosure and this helps in creating an open organizational culture for disclosure as well as promotes patients autonomy. He further adds that managerial support should be there and as leaders they should be promoting disclosure in their organization. Organization’s culture needs to be formulated which best supports the disclosure policies. Giganti( cited in Henry 2005) claims that â€Å" one must approach culture change with systems thinking†¦.organization’s culture is built up over time and is based on the assumptions , beliefs and values that drive the organization† (p. 132). Hence the cultural change involves evaluation of systems to see why there is hesitancy and reluctance in disclosing errors to patients and their families. Persons should not be blamed instead system should be analyzed .Cultural change at the institut ional level will lead the policy makers to consider it at the health ministry level because there needs to be law to address this issue. Disclosure is not an easy task keeping into considerations the so called consequences afterwards. There needs to be special trainings in this aspect. Hobgood, Hevia and Hinchey ( 2004) suggest for disclosure in terms of promoting safe environment to the patients and that there should be open conversation during disclosure expecting any reaction from the patient. Therefore communication plays a very important role. Furthermore Connell, White and Platt ( 2003) have given the steps for error disclosure which includes â€Å" apologize and take responsibility†, â€Å"determine who will be involved†, and â€Å"be proactive in addressing the patient’s financial needs† (p.27). However the concept of becoming proactive in identifying our system gaps and root cause analysis of the problem will promote a safety culture and hence less medical errors and therefore less issues of disclosure. Conclusion Medical errors cause huge number of deaths which can be prevented. Medical errors do occur every day in our clinical practices but there is under reporting of the errors. And if reported there is culture of non disclosure of errors until it comes to patient’s knowledge by any means or the outcomes of that error are such that it cannot be kept hidden. The reasons identified through experiences and literature are fear of destroying relationships with patients, loss of patients trust on heath care personnel, legal issues , loosing the credibility in the profession, shame , guilt and not realizing to disclose considering it better from patients perspective. However recent trend suggests that institutions who developed and implemented disclosure policy had very positive results . Patients felt that they were apologized for that and were brought into confidence. This led to less law suits and decrease in the cost given for legal issues. Besides patients were able to participate in t he compensation or adjustment for the loss due to error. Hence the above mentioned literature and practical experiences suggest that medical errors should be disclosed. Leaders need to help their subordinates or the followers to apply Kant theory of deontology but justify if they feel error should not be disclosed. Moreover it is the responsibility of the leader and each and every individual of the team to help creating an open environment of disclosure and to follow it. References Adams,H. (2005). â€Å"Why there is error, may we bring truth.† A misquote by Margaret Thatcher as she entered No 10, downing street in 1979. Anaesthesia, 60 , 274-277. Berstein, M. Brown, B.(2004). Doctors’ duty to disclose error: a deontological ethical analysis. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences,31, 169-174. Boyle, D., O’Connell, D., Platt, F. W., Albert, R. K.(2006). Disclosing errors and adverse events in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Medicine,34 (5), 1532-1537. Connell, D. O., White, M. K., Platt, F. W. (2003). Disclosing unanticipated outcomes and medical errors. JCOM, 10(1), 25-29. Fischer,M. A., Mazor,K.M., Baril,J., Alper, E., Demarco,D., Pugnaire,M. ( 2006). Factors that influence how students and residents learn from medical errors. Journal of General Internal Medicine , 21, 419-423. Gallagher, T. H., Studdert, D., Levinson, W. (2007). Disclosing harmful medical errors to patients. The New England Journal Of Medicine,356, (26), 2713-9. Henry, L. L. (2005). Disclosure of medical errors: Ethical considerations for the development of a facility policy and organizational culture change. Policy, Politics, Nursing Practice, 6(2), 127-134. Hobgood, C., Hevia, A., Hinchey,P.(2004). Profiles in patient safety: when an error occurs.ACAD Emergency Medicine,11(7), 766-770. Hobgood, C., Peck, C. R., Gilbert, B., Chappel, K., Zou, B. (2002). Academic Emergency Medicine, 9(11), 1156-1161. Jones , K. J., Cochran, G., Hicks, R.W., Mueller, K.J.( 2004). Translating research into practice: voluntary reporting of medication errors in critical access hospitals. The Journal of Rural Health, 20 (4), 335- 343. Kaldijan,L. C., Jones , E. W., Rosenthal, G. E., Reimer, T. T., Hillis, S. L. (2006). An empirically derived taxonomy of factors affecting physicians’ willingness to disclose medical errors. Journal General Internal Medicine, 21, 942-948. Mazor, K. M., Reed, G. W., Yood, R. A., Fischer, M. A., Baril, J., Gurwitz, J. H. (2006). Disclosure of medical errors: What factors influence how patients respond? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 704-710. Mellisa, A. F., Mazor, K. M., Baril, J., Alper, E ., DeMarco, D., Pugnaire, M. (2006). Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 419-423. Milch, C. E., Salem, D.N., Pauker, S. G., Lundquist , T. G., Kumar, S., Chen, J.(2006).Voluntary electronic reporting of medical errors and adverse events : an anlysis of 92,547 reports from 26 acute care hospitals. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, 165-170. Northouse,P. G. ( 2007).Leadership Theory and practice .(4th ed).Sage Publications: London. The Aga Khan University Hospital Multi disciplinary policies and procedures. Retrieved March 22 , 2008, from http://intranet/jcia/jciapp/searchpolicy.asp Wu, A. W., Cavanaugh, T. A., McPhee, S. J., Lo, B., Micco, G. P. (1997). To tell the truth: Ethical and practical issues in disclosing medical mistakes to patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 12, 770-775. Winslade, W. McKinney, E. B. (2006).The ethical lawyer. Journal of Law, Medicine, Ethics, Nantechnology, Winter, 813-816.

The Impact of United States Rule on Puerto Rico Essay -- Puerto Rico H

The Impact of United States Rule on Puerto Rico Puerto Rico spent most of its history under the control of Spain. In the year 1898, the islanders wanted their freedom and welcomed the U.S. invaders as their last hope of liberation from Spanish control. The United States brought the promise of democracy to Puerto Rico, but its true intentions did not include letting go of the island. Although the United States claimed that its intentions were to civilize Puerto Rico and help it become a democratic society, its hypocritical manner of dealing with the island had a great impact on Puerto Rican development. The early years of U.S. colonization affected many aspects of Puerto Rico, including economics, politics, and social relations. When the United States first took Puerto Rico from Spain, its plans concerning what to do with the island appeared to be noble. According to Fernandez, "The United States would resurrect Puerto Rico, like Lazurus, creating, in Senator Foraker?s words, ?a new era?a new life?and prosperity far exceeding any hopes that have been excited or any anticipations that have been entertained.?(Fernandez 2)" In other words, the United States viewed Puerto Rico as something that had to be saved, and claimed that their plan was to rescue it from its inferior status and improve the standard of living. Puerto Rico was to remain under the control of the U.S. until it was capable of taking care of itself. In the words of Trà ­as-Monge: Its fundamental tenets would be that the people of Puerto Rico were not ready for self-government; a learning period, of unspecified duration, was necessary before self-government could be extended; the eventual status should be neither statehood nor independence, but a self-governing d... ... Fernandez, Ronald. The Disenchanted Island. (Westport: Praeger Publishers, 1996),1-83. Guerra, Lillian. Popular Expression and National Identity in Puerto Rico: The Struggle for self, Community, and Nation, chs. 2-3 (Gainesville: U Press of Florida, 1998) 45-121. Library of Congress, American Memory Collection, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945, Interior of shack in hills near Cidra, LC-USF34- 012349-E. http://memory.loc.gov/ Library of Congress, American Memory Collection, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, 1935-1945, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico. At a strike meeting, LC-USF33- 021478-M5. Trà ­as-Monge, Josà ©. "The Shaping of a Colonial Policy," from Trà ­as-Monge, Puerto Rico:The Trials of the Oldest Colony in the World (New Haven: Yale U Press, 1997)45-121.

Life Without Plastics Essay

The product, webcam 7 (in whole or in part, including all files, data, and documentation, from here on referred to as â€Å"Software†) is  © Copyright 2012 Moonware Studios, all rights reserved, and is protected by Switzerland copyright laws, international treaties and all other applicable national or international laws. The sole owner of this product is Moonware Studios. License Agreement. Title, ownership rights, and intellectual property rights in and to the content accessed through the Software is the property of the applicable content owner and may be protected by applicable copyright or other law. This License gives you no rights to such content. The Software is provided on an â€Å"AS IS† basis, without warranty of any kind, including without limitation the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the Software is borne by you. This disclaimer of warranty constitutes an essential part of the agreement.   Either party may terminate this Agreement immediately in the event of default by the other party. Upon any termination of this Agreement, you shall immediately discontinue the use of the Software and shall within ten (10) days uninstall the software and delete all copies of the Software and Documentation. You may also terminate this Agreement at any time by destroying the Software and Documentation and all copies thereof. Your obligations to pay accrued charges and fees shall survive any termination of this Agreement. This Agreement represents the complete and exclusive statement of the agreements concerning this license between the parties and supersedes all prior agreements and representations between them. It may be amended only by a writing executed by both parties. Headings shall not be considered in interpreting this Agreement. This Agreement shall be governed by and construed under Switzerland law. This Agreement will not be governed by the United Nations Convention of Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, the application of which is hereby expressly excluded. Restrictions You may not use, copy, modify, translate, or transfer the product or any copy except as expressly defined in this agreement. You may not attempt to unlock or bypass any copy-protection or authentication algorithm utilized by this product.

outback steakhouse essays

outback steakhouse essays Outback Steakhouse, Inc. engages in the development and operation of casual dining restaurants primarily in the United States. Its restaurants are generally organized as partnerships, with the company as the general partner. It owns and operates Outback Steakhouse units, Carrabbas Italian Grills, Roys, Lee Roy Selmons, Flemings Prime Steakhouse and feature a limited menu of seasoned steaks, prime rib, chops, ribs, chicken, seafood, and pasta. Outback also offers specialty appetizers, desserts, and full liquor service. Carrabbas restaurants serve dinner only; and feature a limited menu of Italian cuisine, including a variety of pastas, chicken, seafood, veal, and wood-fired pizza. Carrabbas also offers specialty appetizers, desserts, coffees, and full liquor service. The majority of Roys restaurants serves dinner only, and features a limited menu of Hawaiian fusion cuisine. Roys also offers several specialty appetizers, desserts, and full liquor service. Selmons serves lunch and dinner; and features Southern Style comfort food. Selmons also offers appetizers, desserts, and full liquor service. Flemings restaurants serve dinner only; and feature a limited menu of prime cuts of beef, fresh seafood, veal, and chicken entrees. Bonefish Grill serves dinner only; and features a variety of fresh grilled fish complemented by a variety of sauces. Cheeseburger in Paradise serves dinner only; and features gourmet hamburgers and sandwiches. Cheeseburger in Paradise also offers appetizers, desserts, full liquor service, and retail merchandise. As of May 1, 2003, Outback operated restaurants in 50 states and 21 countries, internationally. One of the particular features I wanted to explore was nutrition information. Many consumers ...

Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes

Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes Top 10 Punctuation Mistakes By Maeve Maddox Writers can avoid most errors of punctuation by mastering the following conventions. 1. Introductory words, phrases, and clauses are followed by a comma. Incorrect: Moreover students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks. Correct : Moreover, students are expected to read at least one English classic every six weeks. Moreover is an introductory word and should be followed by a comma. Incorrect: To become fluent readers students must read outside school hours. Correct : To become fluent readers, students must read outside school hours. â€Å"To become fluent readers† is an introductory infinitive phrase and should be followed by a comma. Incorrect: If you want to write well you must be prepared to practice the craft. Correct : If you want to write well, you must be prepared to practice the craft. â€Å"If you want to write well† is an introductory clause and should be followed by a comma. 2. Nonessential information is set off with commas. Incorrect: Joseph Conrad who was born in Poland began to learn English in his twenties. Correct : Joseph Conrad, who was born in Poland, began to learn English in his twenties. â€Å"Who was born in Poland† is a clause that provides nonessential information and should be set off by commas. 3. Essential information does not require commas. Incorrect: The boys, who vandalized the public gardens, are in police custody. Correct : The boys who vandalized the public gardens are in police custody. â€Å"Who vandalized the public gardens† is essential information because it identifies which boys are meant. It should not be set off by commas. 4. A comma is placed before a coordinate conjunction that joins two main clauses. Incorrect: The cougar moved quickly but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin. Correct : The cougar moved quickly, but the tourist reached the safety of the cabin. The clauses joined by the conjunction but could stand alone as complete sentences: â€Å"The cougar moved quickly† and â€Å"The tourist reached the safety of the cabin.† A comma is not needed with a compound verb joined by a coordinate conjunction: â€Å"The tourist saw the cougar and ran to the cabin.† 5. A comma is not strong enough to join two main clauses. (Comma splice) Incorrect: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter, nevertheless they kept up with their studies. Correct : Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter; nevertheless, they kept up with their studies. Also Correct: Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter. Nevertheless, they kept up with their studies. A comma splice results when two main clauses are joined by a comma. The main clauses here are â€Å"Circumstances required the children to live in a homeless shelter† and â€Å"nevertheless, they kept up with their studies.† The word nevertheless is a conjunctive adverb. Its function is to provide a transition between two thoughts, but it is not a joining word like and or but. A comma splice can be avoided by placing a semicolon after the first clause or by ending the first clause with a period or other end stop and starting a new sentence with a capital. 6. A comma is not needed before a noun clause in ordinary narration. Incorrect: The spelunkers found, that the caves were closed to protect the bats. Correct : The spelunkers found that the caves were closed to protect the bats. The noun clause is â€Å"the caves were closed to protect the bats.† The clause functions as the direct object of the verb in the main clause, found. 7. A comma is needed before a direct quotation. Incorrect: The wizard said â€Å"Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.† Correct : The wizard said, â€Å"Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain.† 8. Colons should be used after a complete sentence to introduce a word, phrase, clause, list, or quotation. Incorrect: Her favorite flowers are: daffodils, roses, and pansies. Correct : She has three favorite flowers: daffodils, roses, and pansies. â€Å"Her favorite flowers are† is a sentence fragment. A complete sentence should precede a colon that introduces a thought that expands on the meaning of the sentence that precedes it. 9. Main clauses that are not part of a compound or complex sentence require an end stop. When a period or other end stop is omitted, the result is a â€Å"run-on sentence.† Incorrect: The rushing waves capsized the boat indifferent gulls wheeled overhead. Correct : The rushing waves capsized the boat. Indifferent gulls wheeled overhead. The simplest way to correct a run-on sentence is to put a period at the end of the first clause and capitalize the next one. 10. Multiple exclamation points don’t belong in mature writing. Incorrect: Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn!!!! Correct : Before my astonished eyes, the house sank into the tarn! On the rare occasions that an exclamation mark is wanted in formal writing, one is sufficient. Bonus: Quotation marks should not be used for mere emphasis. Incorrect: Our staff is required to take three â€Å"safety† courses every year. Correct : Our staff is required to take three safety courses every year. In most contexts, placing quotation marks around a word suggests that the word is being used with a meaning other than the obvious one. Writers who enclose words in quotation marks merely for emphasis risk annoying their readers. No one likes to waste time trying to discern a hidden meaning where there is none. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Common Mistakes category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Writing the CenturyConfusion of Subjective and Objective Pronouns

QUANTUM COMPUTER CHIPS NOW ONE STEP CLOSER TO REALITY Essay

QUANTUM COMPUTER CHIPS NOW ONE STEP CLOSER TO REALITY - Essay Example And the overall costing of this demonstration is $445 million. It is the first time in 34 years that a rocket other than the space shuttle will stand tall at the Launch Pad 39-B. NASA specially modified this pad for the erection of this rocket, which is purposed to carry astronauts to the moon. The test rocket includes a solid-rocket first stage, followed by a mock second stage, and dummy Orion crew capsule atop to stimulate the specified weight and size of Ares I. The Ares I rocket is by far the tallest booster in service and about to fly, and stands about 100 meters (327 feet) high, i.e. 14 stories taller than NASA's space shuttles. Thin and exceptionally tall, the Ares I-X depicts the actual Ares I rocket which will carry the astronauts into the orbit, possibly by 2015. Being a mock up, no person or payload will be on board during the demonstration (Moskowitz) (Dunn). Comparatively, the shuttle is 184 feet tall. The Saturn V rockets were a record-setting 363 feet that ferried astronauts to the moon in the late 1960s and early 1970s. John Shannon, shuttle program manager stated that Ares' first stage boosters is embedded with proven technology; it is the same kind of solid rocket booster used to propel space shuttles.

Emerging market-The challenges and opportunities investing in China Essay

Emerging market-The challenges and opportunities investing in China - Essay Example In the thought of Beridze, emerging markets refer to the nations that have actively been involved in business activities that have seen their fast growth as well as a huge development in the industrialization process. Among these countries that are termed to be emerging range from Brazil to China. As seen in the research conducted by Palepu & Khanna, China has retained her position as the third in the list of the emerging markets. China has also been termed as one of the growing economies with largest imports and exports in the globe. Agtmael indicates that the economy has had a growth rate of about 10% over the years. With the country being termed as the world’s second-largest economy after the U.S.In the thought of Lorenzoni & Broner, emerging economies have been integral in the world economy. This may arguably be because the supposed emerging economies have already emerged and are taking the center stage of the global economy. A good example is China that is export-driven w ith strong capital inflows and investments from well-capitalized banking institutions. Additionally, the growth of the world’s economy is expected to emanate from the emerging markets, and 70% of the growth is anticipated according to the economists.  Despite the varying interpretations of the term, the fact about the entire aspect is that emerging markets have been instrumental in recording an increase in the capital share in the world economy and that their GDP is on the increase.